· 并且，根據以前的經驗，可以預料到至少還有45個級別為1的 bug還沒有發現。從歷史看，這對于一個成功產品來說是很高的。
For discussions of using bug data, see [Cusumano95], [Rothman96], and [Marick97].
關于使用 bug 數據的討論，請參閱[Cusumano95]、[Rothman96]和[Marick97]。
Earlier I asserted that testers can\'t directly improve quality; they can only measure it. That\'s true only if you find yourself starting testing too late. Tests designed before coding begins can improve quality. They inform the developer of the kinds of tests that will be run, including the special cases that will be checked. The developer can use that information while thinking about the design, during design inspections, and in his own developer testing.[Page]
我在前面說過，測試員不能直接提高質量，他們只能評估它。只有在你發現測試開始得太晚的時候，這種說法才是正確的。在編碼開始前設計測試將會提高質量。他們讓開發人員知道將進行什么樣的測試，將檢查哪些特殊用例。開發人員在思考設計、審查設計和自己做測試的時候可以使用這些信息。
Early test design can do more than prevent coding bugs. As will be discussed in the next theme, many tests will represent user tasks. The process of designing them can find user interface and usability problems before expensive rework is required. I\'ve found problems like no user-visible place for error messages to go, pluggable modules that didn\'t fit together, two screens that had to be used together but could not be displayed simultaneously, and \"obvious\" functions that couldn\'t be performed. Test design fits nicely into any usability engineering effort ([Nielsen93]) as a way of finding specification bugs.
盡早測試的作用不僅僅是防止編碼錯誤。像我們將在下一個主題中所討論的那樣，許多測試代表的是用戶任務。設計它們的過程可以在昂貴的重新工作之前發現用戶界面和可用性問題。我發現過的問題包括：錯誤消息不能顯示在用戶可以看到的地方，插件不能放到一起，兩個必須同時使用的屏幕不能同時顯示，一個“很明顯”的功能不能執行。測試設計作為一個發現規格說明書 bug 的方法，很好地與可用性工程工作相適應([Nielsen93])。
I should note that involving testing early feels unnatural to many programmers and development managers. There may be feelings that you are intruding on their turf or not giving them the chance to make the mistakes that are an essential part of design. Take care, especially at first, not to increase their workload or slow them down. It may take one or two entire projects to establish your credibility and usefulness.
我應當說明早期介入測試對于許多程序員和開發經理來說不自然�？赡苡幸环N感覺是你干擾了他們，沒有給他們在設計的基礎部分犯錯誤的機會。小心些，尤其是在開始的時候，不要增加他們的工作量或減慢了他們的速度�？赡苄枰恢羶蓚�完整的項目才能建立你們的可信度并顯示出作用。
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