A Glimpse of Computer Application

1．Computer in Science
　　Computers handle a variety of tasks in the broad area of science. Some categories of tasks in which computers can be helpful are in (1) performing mathematical calculations, (2)simulating and modeling．And (3) controlling laboratory instruments and devices．

(1)Performing Mathematical Calculations
　　Because of the enormous volume of data that must be stored and processed for some scientific tasks, super computers are used to handle the requirements．They process vast amounts of data and produce output in a form that is easy to read and interpret.
　　Some scientific tasks require real-time mathematical calculations．Real-time refers to the way a computer can process data so fast that it gives immediate feedback. Since real-time computer systems are so quick, they are often used as emergency systems to warn of potential or actual danger
   
(2) Simulating and Modeling
　　Computers are also used for simulating and modeling. The computer makes simulation by duplicating the conditions likely to oclearcase/" target="_blank" >ccur when certain variables are changed in a given situation. The computer is programmed to consider certain facts (which are stored in memory) and then come to a decision.
　　In computer modeling, the computer constructs a model (or prototype) of some object on the video screen. Shapes and sizes can easily be changed to alter the model. Computer models are used in many fields, such as astronomy and chemistry.
　　Sometimes simulation and modeling systems are referred to as expert systems, because they make decisions using the same information that experts in the field would use．
  
(3) Controlling Laboratory Instruments and De-vices
　　Computers can also control various pieces of laboratory equipment. A program enables the equipment to operate both quickly and“intelligently"．The use of computers in this area allows the researcher to spend valuable time conducting other experiments rather than overseeing the instruments．

2．computers in Manufacturing
　　Manufacturing, which involves designing and making products, uses computers to become coefficients. It does this in two ways：(1)with special Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing systems CAD/CAM)；(2)with robotics．   
(1)CAD/CAM
　　Before a product can be produced, it must be designed, and the actual design process can be quite time consuming and costly. Computer-Aided Design．CAD) allows the engineer to design, draft, and analyze a new product idea using computer graphics on video terminal.
　　Computer-Aided Design is often coupled with Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM), and the combination is known as CAD/CAM．Using CAD/CAM, the engineer can analyze not only the
product but also the manufacturing process．
(2) Robotics
　　A new class of workers is being called upon to perform undesirable or dangerous work all over the world. These are the steel-collar workers．better known as robots．Robotics is the science that deals with the construction, capabilities, and applications of robots．

3 Office Automation
　　The widespread use of computers began in the、workplace-in offices, banks and factories．Today, most people are comfortably accustomed to the influence of computers on their lives．Probably the area in which computers have brought about the greatest：Hinge and now offer the greatest potential for com-rice automation is the office.   
　　Office automation is a general term for the proc-：、that combines computer and communication technology with the traditional manual procedures of of-firework. Office automation may be divided into three catteries(1)word processing (2)communication and(3)information retrieval．   

(1)Word Processing
　　Word processing has led to the advancement of office automation and is definitely the best-established technology in the office today. It involves manipulation of text data to achieve a desired output. A typical word processing system consists of a keyboard, visual display device, a storage unit, and a printer. Like data processing, word processing relieves workers of time-consuming and routine tasks, resulting in increased productivity and quality.
  
(2)Communication
　　The exchange of information between workers on different floors, in different buildings, or in different cities and states is an essential part of the business world. Communication in the office can be automated to make the ex- change faster and more efficiently The automation can take several forms：electronic-mail, voice-mail，teleconferencing, and telecommuting-eating．
   
(3)Information Retrieval
　　Information retrieval-getting the stored information to users in a form they can understand-is an important part of office automation today. In the past users often had to look through entire reports to locate information they needed if they were not sure where it was．
　　To avoid this expensive and time-consuming process, they now can use an electronic file management system. Database management and text management systems have been designed for users．The information may be in the form of data, text, image, or voice. The user specifies key words and asks the computer to search through large volumes of text and
Produce lists telling where those words were used

4 ．Computers in Education
    Most people realize that computers will be vital to the success of today's youngsters. Parents are demanding that public schools should prepare their children for this complex technological world.
　　In addition to teaching about computers, schools also teach with computers。 Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) in the schools is not new. For example, computers are commonly used to drill students on multiplication tables or state capitals．Each student receives instruction adapted to his or her learning pace, immediate feedback．With a computer as teacher, the teacher-learner relationship is not threatening．The computer is in patience and good nature. Even very young children learn to be comfortable with teaching machines. In the long run, this early familiarity with computer may be the most durable
Lesson for everyone.

翻譯：

計算機應用舉例

1.科學研究
　　計算機處理廣闊的科學領域中的各種任務。計算機對一些領域任務有所幫助，這些任務是：(1)執行數學運算，(2)模擬和組建模型，(3)控制實驗室的設備和儀器．

(1)數學運算
　　因為必須為科學任務存儲和處理大量的數據，計算機常被用于處理這個需求。它們處理大量的數據并以一種易于閱讀和解釋的形式產生輸出。 一些科學任務要求進行實時數學運算。實時指的是計算機能以非?？斓乃俣忍幚頂祿⒘⒓唇o出反饋的一種方法。它們常被用在一些緊急系統中以警告實際存在或潛的危險。

(2)模擬和構建模型
　　計算機也被用于進行模擬和建造模型。當在給定環境下某些因素發生改變時，計算機通過復制很可能發生的情況而進行模擬。能為計算機編程使之能夠考慮某些情況然后得出結論。
　　在計算機建模中，計算機在屏幕上構造出一些實體的模型（或原形），可以方便的更改形狀和大小從而改變整個模型。計算機模型被用于很多領域中，如象天文學和化學。
　　有時模擬和建模系統被稱專家系統，這是因為他們使用該領域中專家使用的同樣信息來做決定。
 
(3)控制實驗室的設備和儀器
　　計算機也能控制各種各樣的實驗設備，程序能使儀器既快又“聰明”地操作。在該領域中使用計算機能讓研究人員花寶貴的時間去進行其他的試驗而不是監督查看這些儀器。

2.生產制造
    生產制造牽涉到設計與制造產品。使用計算機就會變得更高效。這通過兩條途徑來實現：(1)用特殊的計一算機輔助設計和制造系統(CAD/CAM)；(2)用機器人技術。

(1)CAD/CAM
　　在一個產品被生產之前，必須對它進行設計。實際的設計過程是很費時而且 昂貴的。計算機輔助設計（CAD）能讓工程師在視頻終端上使用計算機圖像對新產品的構想進行設計，草擬和分析。
　　計算機輔助設計常與計算機輔助制造結合起來。它們的結合就是CAD/CAM.使用CAD/CAM，工程師們不僅可以分析產品而且還可以分析生產過程。
(2)機器人技術
　　當今世界有一類新的工人被用于完成一些枯燥的或危險的工作。它們就是鋼鐵工 人，即更為熟知的“機 器人”機器人技術是研究機器人的構造，能力和應用的科學。

3.辦公自動化
 
　　計算機的廣泛使用始于一些工作場所，例如辦公室、銀行、工廠等?，F在，大多數人己安然地適應了計算機給它們帶來的影響，大概計算機所帶來最大變化的領域并且存在最大完全自動化的潛在可能性的領域亦是辦公室。
　　辦公自動化是一個總稱，它指的是計算機和通訊技術以及傳統的手工過程相結合的過程。它可以包括三個方面：(1)字處理，(2) 通訊，(3)信息檢索。

(1)  字處理
　　字處理給辦公自動化帶來了進步并且無疑是當今辦公室中最完善的技術。它涉及到對文本數據的操作并得到一個直觀的輸出，一個典型的字處理系統由鍵盤、視頻顯示器，一個存儲部件和一臺打印機組成。像數據處理一樣，字處理把工作人員從費時的日常工作中解放出來，并帶來了效率和產量的提高。
(2)通訊
　　在不同樓層，不同建筑物，不同的城市和國家，人們之間進行配信息交換已成為商業界中重要的部分。在辦公室中進行通訊能使信息交換既簡捷又高效。這種自動化有許多形式：電子郵件、聲音郵件、電話會議和遠程通訊。
(3)信息檢索  
　　信息檢索是指把存儲在（某科介質上）的信息以一種易于理解跳方式提交給用戶，它是當今辦公自動化的重要部分。過去，如果用戶不知道他們所需要的信息在哪里，常常得翻遍所有的報告才能找到。為避免這種昂貴費時的過程，（科學家設計出了）現在可以使用的電子文件管理系統，還為用戶設計出了數據庫理系統和文本管理系統。信息可以以數據文本，圖像或聲音的形式存在。用戶指定關鍵字后，即可由計算機去執行查找大量文本的工作，并給出有關關鍵字在何處被使用到的清單。

4.計算機輔助教學
　　大多數人已意識到計算機對今天年青人的成功是很重要的。家長們向學校要求要讓他們的孩子為這個復雜的技術世界做好準備。
　　學校除了講授關于計算機的井識外，也用計算機來進行教學六學校里計算機輔助教學(CAI)己不是新鮮事了。例如，通常用計算機來對學生進行“乘法表”或“國家首都”的訓練。每個學生接收適合他（她）學習進度的指令，并立即給出反饋。用計算機做教師，師生關系一點也不緊張。計算機有耐心而且脾氣好，即使是很小的孩子也樂于通過教學機器進行學習。從長遠看來，早些熟悉計算機或許對每個人都是最有用的。